It really looks like they are trying hard to scale a system that is simply explained away by a simpler model... From TFA:
The switching behavior they see could just be an electron hopping on and off a quantum dot, perhaps one formed incidentally by part of the wirelike region, Legg says. “This is exactly what you could get from a quantum dot.”
I won't pretend I have a deep understanding of any of this, so the only parameters I can judge is the consensus of people that do, and these people aren't too happy about the claims being made.
"Tech giant Microsoft announced today it plans to build a useful quantum computer in just 3 years"
Leading with this dubious claim is fine comedy. Microsoft can barely build a useful conventional computer that runs its own platform and associated products. The Surface Book 3's being used at my job all launch Teams, Excel and Outlook like they're perpetually struggling to get out of bed. The Surface Pros have display issues minutes out of the box. This foolish Dash to Quantum will result in a lot of disappointment as unreliable rushed-to-market hardware is tauted by companies like Microsoft that are historically fond of doing just that.
And no, I don't think quantum computing is all hype. There is definitely meat on the bone, even if it only returns us to the somewhat annoying days of time sharing that most HN readers are probably too young to remember. But these idiots are fueling the hype train for the sake of quick-buck valuation, puffing for an audience that is increasingly tired of over-promising and under-delivering to the point where we will finally have an actual quantum computer and nobody will give a shit, especially after this whole AI circus has continued to prove itself an expensive pagent full of mummers and gimmicks.
My prediction would be that it won't become mainstream.
Even if it will be practically possible to build quantum computers for average users (given they currently rely on complex physical experiments, one can doubt that), there's the question of whether there's a need for "mainstream" quantum computing.
As has often been said, quantum computers aren't some magical thing that makes every computation faster. They are faster at some very specific problems like breaking cryptography (I doubt that there's a mass market for decrypting the old WIFI traffic you stored from your neighbor, and, these days, most internet traffic is already pq safe) and simulating physics (also probably not something average joe wants to do every day).
In all likelihood, quantum computers will be specialized devices used, e.g., by scientists. You may be able to rent your quantum computing time if that gets cheap enough to be practical, but I doubt many people will ever own one.
> simulating physics (also probably not something average joe wants to do every day)
Maybe this will be used for video games at some point?
Saying that this will never happen feels a bit like what people were saying about computers when they were filling rooms and cost a fortune, and now everyone has a few of them and finds a lot of uses for them.
Quantum computers help simulate the unintuitive parts of physics, not those that feel natural to humanst and therefore make sense to include in a game.
It's possible to simulate the classical physics of fairly large game worlds using fairly small classical computer. If you wanted to model it using quantum physics instead (where quantum computers would theoretically have an advantage) said computer would need so many qubits that it would be much larger than the world it's supposed to simulate, while the additional realism would be essentially imperceptible to the player. You'd be better off using analog computing by putting a telepresence robot inside a real-world game arena.
> It's possible to simulate the classical physics of fairly large game worlds using fairly small classical computer.
Not really, almost everything is faked and not really a physics sim. Imagine a world like GTA but every material has realistic deformation and destruction.
I’m not saying quantum computers would be able to do that, but it’s not like current video games are at a point where more compute wouldn’t improve them.
> while the additional realism would be essentially imperceptible to the player
Personally for me this is the relevant part.
I can ofc imagine some niche games like Kerbal Space Program with complete realism, but I'm not convinced it makes it more enjoyable to play. Would be interesting to see for sure.
Any kind of quantum workload would live in servers since their capabilities will likely never be latency sensitive. I think what is more interesting is finding a way to utilize the fact that quantum information is capable of traveling faster than the speed of light, obviously observation of the data is bound the same limitations as we have today, but we could scale bandwidth by encoding data and "teleporting" it to the destination greatly increasing throughput, you can think of it as infinite compression. Even more interesting would be to genuinely understand why our universe is able to bind particles like that though since right we know it happens and we can observe it, but we don't really know why or even if it travels faster than the speed of light, but rather we are simply surfacing a derandomized value. This is pretty hard to explain, but if we follow the many-worlds theory we're simply observing an artifact that if we observe value B in the future, we are simply from a universe that had the value B to begin with which means the information never needed to travel at light speed, it was always there.
I think we will find quantum going mainstream in places we least expect, mostly based around derandomization and amplification of data throughput rather than any kind of compute.
Wasn't the entire conflict behind entanglement that it appeared to have the capability to violate this princible with the only two explanations being: quantum state travels faster than the speed of light or we're in a many-worlds universe where state propagates backwards which means the information was there from the very beginning?
The key word here is "information". No known quantum effect results in information being transferred faster than the speed of light (which might be more correctly known these days as a the speed limit of information). Entanglement, even at great distance, does not violate this principle as that cannot be effectively used to transfer information.
The historical debate around Bell's Theorem and Einstein's "spooky action" often leads to this exact confusion, but quantum mechanics has an ironclad mathematical guardrail against this: the No-Communication Theorem.
Entanglement cannot be used to transmit messages, amplify bandwidth, or achieve "infinite compression" for a few foundational reasons:
1) The Classical Bottleneck: In quantum teleportation, you aren't actually moving information through space faster than light. To reconstruct the state of a teleported qubit at the destination, the sender must transmit two classical bits of data over a standard, traditional channel (limited by the speed of light, c).
2) The Randomness Vector: Without those two classical bits, the receiver's particle looks like completely randomized entropy (a maximally mixed state). You could spin your entangled particle right now, and the person on Mars would see their particle change state instantly—but to them, it just looks like a random coin toss. They cannot know what you chose to measure or what your result was until your classical radio signal arrives to break the encryption.
3) Holevo's Bound: From an information theory perspective, Holevo's theorem proves you cannot extract more than one bit of classical information from a single qubit. While superdense coding lets you pre-share entanglement to send two classical bits using one physical qubit, it still requires physically moving that qubit through space at or below the speed of light.
Whether you favor Copenhagen, Many-Worlds, or Pilot Wave theory, the physical reality across all interpretations remains identical: local causality is never violated. Entanglement shows us that nature is non-local, but it completely forbids us from weaponizing that non-locality to send a signal faster than c.
Right now, quantum programs are commonly written in QASM, which essentially expresses operations that are the quantum analogues of classical logic applied to individual qubits. If you want to compose those primitives into higher level structures you just call them from a higher level language like Python or Julia and use the provided means of abstracting.
The 'C of quantum computers' as a concept doesn't really make sense, because the architecture of a quantum computer is fundamentally different to that of a classical one. I can go into more detail if anyone cares. Source: a masters in theoretical physics with a focus on quantum information processing.
If quantum computers turn out to be able to do that, the api would be very similar to what dwave has today.
That is one will use normal computer to reformulate the task into a predefined form, submit that to quantum computer, and then use normal computer again to process the results.
When it comes to many of these systems relevant real world (e.g. quantum chemistry), classical heuristic-based approaches are already successful enough. For instance, you can run one of the simulations in Garnet Chan paper in a 10-15 minutes using some machine similar to DGX Spark to simulate FeMo-cofactor model within accepted quantum chemistry precisions.
I believe its biggest application will be to explore some areas in quantum information (e.g. quantum coherence), all the practical applications will be minor.
In theory, quantum computers could provide dramatic speedups for certain linear algebra operations (eg. matrix inversion, eigenvalue estimation). The catch is that many NN training algorithms need all the data to be stored in qRAM so the QC can access matrices efficiently. Loading in a massive dataset will likely be more difficult than the computations, eliminating the quantum advantage. This is analogous to having an extraordinarily fast processor attached to a slow af hard drive inside a neutrino storm.
Leading with this dubious claim is fine comedy. Microsoft can barely build a useful conventional computer that runs its own platform and associated products. The Surface Book 3's being used at my job all launch Teams, Excel and Outlook like they're perpetually struggling to get out of bed. The Surface Pros have display issues minutes out of the box. This foolish Dash to Quantum will result in a lot of disappointment as unreliable rushed-to-market hardware is tauted by companies like Microsoft that are historically fond of doing just that.
And no, I don't think quantum computing is all hype. There is definitely meat on the bone, even if it only returns us to the somewhat annoying days of time sharing that most HN readers are probably too young to remember. But these idiots are fueling the hype train for the sake of quick-buck valuation, puffing for an audience that is increasingly tired of over-promising and under-delivering to the point where we will finally have an actual quantum computer and nobody will give a shit, especially after this whole AI circus has continued to prove itself an expensive pagent full of mummers and gimmicks.
Even if it will be practically possible to build quantum computers for average users (given they currently rely on complex physical experiments, one can doubt that), there's the question of whether there's a need for "mainstream" quantum computing.
As has often been said, quantum computers aren't some magical thing that makes every computation faster. They are faster at some very specific problems like breaking cryptography (I doubt that there's a mass market for decrypting the old WIFI traffic you stored from your neighbor, and, these days, most internet traffic is already pq safe) and simulating physics (also probably not something average joe wants to do every day).
In all likelihood, quantum computers will be specialized devices used, e.g., by scientists. You may be able to rent your quantum computing time if that gets cheap enough to be practical, but I doubt many people will ever own one.
You already can rent time on one - IBM and others offer it - but they are not cheap.
Maybe this will be used for video games at some point?
Saying that this will never happen feels a bit like what people were saying about computers when they were filling rooms and cost a fortune, and now everyone has a few of them and finds a lot of uses for them.
Not really, almost everything is faked and not really a physics sim. Imagine a world like GTA but every material has realistic deformation and destruction.
I’m not saying quantum computers would be able to do that, but it’s not like current video games are at a point where more compute wouldn’t improve them.
Personally for me this is the relevant part.
I can ofc imagine some niche games like Kerbal Space Program with complete realism, but I'm not convinced it makes it more enjoyable to play. Would be interesting to see for sure.
I think we will find quantum going mainstream in places we least expect, mostly based around derandomization and amplification of data throughput rather than any kind of compute.
Entanglement cannot be used to transmit messages, amplify bandwidth, or achieve "infinite compression" for a few foundational reasons:
1) The Classical Bottleneck: In quantum teleportation, you aren't actually moving information through space faster than light. To reconstruct the state of a teleported qubit at the destination, the sender must transmit two classical bits of data over a standard, traditional channel (limited by the speed of light, c).
2) The Randomness Vector: Without those two classical bits, the receiver's particle looks like completely randomized entropy (a maximally mixed state). You could spin your entangled particle right now, and the person on Mars would see their particle change state instantly—but to them, it just looks like a random coin toss. They cannot know what you chose to measure or what your result was until your classical radio signal arrives to break the encryption.
3) Holevo's Bound: From an information theory perspective, Holevo's theorem proves you cannot extract more than one bit of classical information from a single qubit. While superdense coding lets you pre-share entanglement to send two classical bits using one physical qubit, it still requires physically moving that qubit through space at or below the speed of light.
Whether you favor Copenhagen, Many-Worlds, or Pilot Wave theory, the physical reality across all interpretations remains identical: local causality is never violated. Entanglement shows us that nature is non-local, but it completely forbids us from weaponizing that non-locality to send a signal faster than c.
The 'C of quantum computers' as a concept doesn't really make sense, because the architecture of a quantum computer is fundamentally different to that of a classical one. I can go into more detail if anyone cares. Source: a masters in theoretical physics with a focus on quantum information processing.
That is one will use normal computer to reformulate the task into a predefined form, submit that to quantum computer, and then use normal computer again to process the results.
When it comes to many of these systems relevant real world (e.g. quantum chemistry), classical heuristic-based approaches are already successful enough. For instance, you can run one of the simulations in Garnet Chan paper in a 10-15 minutes using some machine similar to DGX Spark to simulate FeMo-cofactor model within accepted quantum chemistry precisions.
I believe its biggest application will be to explore some areas in quantum information (e.g. quantum coherence), all the practical applications will be minor.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/quantum/qsharp-overv...
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